Introduction – Hypokalemia Hypokalemia (S-Potassium <3.5 mmol/l) occurs in approximately 20% of hospitalized patients and between 10% and 40% of patients...
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Introduction – Hyperkalemia Hyperkalemia (Serum potassium> 5.6 mmol/l) is often a sign of other underlying disease that requires a specific diagnosis and treatment...
Introduction – Cushing’s Syndrome The most common cause of clinical cortisol excess is treatment with cortisone containing medications. Endogenous...
Introduction – Aortic Dissection Acute dissection of the aorta is seen in 3-4/100,000 individuals per year and is more common than ruptured aortic aneurysms...
Introduction – Takayasu’s arteritis Takayasu’s arteritis (TA) is a granulomatous vasculitis that affects the aorta and its branches. The disease occurs...
Introduction – Temporal Arteritis Temporal arteritis (TA) is an inflammatory disease of the elderly, often affecting any segment of the temporal artery or its...
Introduction – Nephrotic Syndrome The definition of Nephrotic Syndrome is the combination of: Prominent proteinuriaHypoalbuminemiaEdemaHyperlipidemia Loss of >3.5...
Introduction – Diabetes Insipidus Central diabetes insipidus (DI) occurs as a result of a lack of vasopressin/ADH production, whereby the patient secretes...
Introduction – Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction Heart failure is a clinical syndrome of heterogeneous nature with a variety of etiologies and varying...